Cross-functional teams are an effective way to promote knowledge-sharing. Which of the following is generally not true of such teams?

Encourage group cohesiveness and consensus.

Provide access to external knowledge.

Generate a wider range of options.

Extend the knowledge base.

One of the central challenges in knowledge management is to encourage the exchange of tacit knowledge between communities of practice. Which of the following is not a useful means to encourage such exchange of knowledge:

Knowledge translators.

Knowledge intranets.

Knowledge brokers.

Boundary objects.

There are many proven mechanisms to help transfer knowledge across an organization. Which of the following is not a widely-accepted method?

Boundary objects, that is tasks, processes or projects shared by different groups.

Brokers, with weak relationships between many different groups.

Gatekeepers, who control access to different groups.

Translators, that is staff based in more than one group.

Using intellectual property rights (IPR) as a means of commercialising an innovation has many advantages, but also signficant risks. Which of the following is not a common problem?

Opportunity costs of search, registration and renewal.

Restricts market applications.

Public registration and disclosure.

Ability to enforce rights.

David Tranfield and his colleagues map the different phases of the innovation process to identify the knowledge routines in each of the innovation phases. Which of the following is not included in this model?

Realisation - the application and implementation of knowlege to a specific innovation.

Discovery - searching and capturing knowledge.

Learning - transfering knowledge from individuals to the organization.

Nuturing - developing and supporting an innovation.

Which of the following conditions is not necessary for the granting of a patent:

Novelty, no part of prior art.

Demonstrated commercial or financial potential.

Inventive step, non-obvious.

Demonstrated application or utility.

Patents can be used as an indicator of innovation. Which of the following is the least reliable method?

Number of patents granted.

Citations of patents.

Science linkage.

Technology life cycle.

Licensing an innovation to another firm, rather than developing and commercialising it in-house, has the following advantage:

Increases managerial control of development and commercialisation.

Reduces the cost and risk of development and commercialisation.

Increases the profitability of development and commercialisation.

Reduces managerial control of development and commercialisation.

Knowlede is different to information and data. Which of the follwing is not generally true?

Knowledge is information that has been put into some context.

Information is data that has been structured in some way.

Knowledge is more easily shared than information.

Data is more easily stored than information.

Richard Hall's work on organizational memory and competencies identifies a number of sources of advantage. Which of the following is not a typical basis of competencies?

Position, based on prior decisions and investments.

Products, differentiated from competitors.

Intangible assets, such as intellectual property or reputation.

Cultural, organisational and individual.

Which of the followong characteristics of communities of practice is not true?

Promote the sharing of knowledge across different communities.

Promote the sharing of knowledge within communities of practice.

Are organized around common tasks, professions or projects.

Are a means to link individual and organizational learning.

Nonaka proposes the concept of a social learning cycle. In this model how does the codification knowledge occur primarily?

Socialisation.

Externalisation.

Combination.

Internalisation.

Some types of knowledge are more individual, others more collective. Which of the following is generally not true?

Encultured knowledge is social and collective.

Collective knowledge is embedded in processes and routines.

Embrained knowledge is inherently personal and individual.

Embodied knowledge is generic and explicit.

C-Space (culture-space) is a useful conceptual framework for analysis which focuses on the structuring and flow of knowledge within and between organizations. Which of the following is not true?

Diffusion of knowledge requires codification.

Codification reduces complexity.

Problem-solving promotes the codification of knowledge.

Absorption promotes the diffusion of knowledge.

What is a major disadvantage of using patents as indicators of innovation?

Patents are an output of the innovaton process.

Many innovations are not patented.

Patents are expensive and difficult to file.

Many patents are not commercialised.